11/27/2023 0 Comments Multirotor drone definitionThe problem of target identification can be recast as a (complex) macro-task that includes three different phases. Advanced signal processing algorithms are then needed in order to lower the probability of false alarm and increase the correct detection rate. UAVs cannot be easily distinguished from other small flying objects such as birds. More precisely, the following main aspects should be carefully taken into account: There is indeed a gap in current surveillance systems: the typical small size and the ability to perform very fast maneuvers make UAVs a category of targets much more difficult to reveal compared to traditional aircrafts. The exponential growth of such flying objects and the several issues related to their possible misuse is mandating the need for increasingly more sophisticated drone identification systems. More generally, amateur drone pilots are nowadays widespread all over the world, concurring to make very difficult to discriminate situations in which UAVs are used for recreational activities from those in which such devices are maliciously used to harm the public safety. At the Black Hat international conference, a group of researchers demonstrated that UAVs can be equipped with modified operative systems and used to steal sensitive data from mobile phones in crowded environments by simply leveraging the automatic search of Wi-Fi networks. In 2015, a very small UAV was used for espionage at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. For instance, criminal organizations in Canada and Australia exploited UAVs to smuggle drugs or other illicit materials into prisons or across the borders. Several cases of different kinds have been already reported in many countries. Unfortunately, these characteristics make them perfect platforms for performing nefarious activities. Indeed, despite their small size, UAVs can carry payloads up to one kilogram or more, and are equipped with cameras and wireless communication systems. The wide diffusion of small commercial UAVs opened up a new set of opportunities, but at the same time poses a number of threats in terms of safety, privacy and security. Nowadays, small UAVs (quadcopters or different variants of rotorcrafts with a weight below 20 kg) can be easily purchased on the Internet or even built from scratch using low-cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) development kits for a few hundreds of dollars. The progress in the market of device miniaturization and the consequent reduction of the production costs made such technologies accessible also to the general public. Over the past decade, UAVs have become increasingly more attractive for a plethora of applications also in civilian and commercial domains, including surveillance, search and rescue, traffic and weather monitoring, precision agriculture, aerial imaging, and others. The origin of UAVs traces back to the military field, for operating in hostile or human-denied areas. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), more commonly known as drones, have been recognized as one of the revolutionary advances in the recent technological evolution, and are now experiencing new applications within the information and communication technology (ICT) ecosystem. ![]() This paper provides a review of the existing literature on the most promising approaches adopted in the different phases of the identification process, i.e., detection of the possible presence of drones, target verification, and classification. More specifically, the main focus is on the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensor, which is a key technology also due to its low cost and capability to work at relatively long distances, as well as strong robustness to illumination and weather conditions. An overview of the most relevant technologies is provided, which in modern surveillance systems are composed into a network of spatially-distributed sensors to ensure full coverage of the monitored area. ![]() In this paper, the main challenges related to the problem of drone identification are discussed, which include detection, possible verification, and classification. ![]() Small UAVs, often called drones, are enabling unprecedented applications but, at the same time, new threats are arising linked to their possible misuse (e.g., drug smuggling, terrorist attacks, espionage). Thanks to recent technological advances, a new generation of low-cost, small, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is available.
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